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[灌水有理] 寂静的春天

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发表于 2013-1-5 13:57:22 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
                                                                 1. A Fable for Tomorrow  
          There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings. The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards where, in spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields. In autumn, oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered across a backdrop of pines. Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields, half hidden in the mists of the fall mornings.
          Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wildflowers delighted the traveler’s eye through much of the year. Even in winter the roadsides were places of beauty, where countless birds came to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the dried weeds rising above the snow. The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and fall people traveled from great distances o observe them. Others came to fish the streams, which flowed clear and cold out of the hills and contained shady pools where trout lay. So it had been from the days many years ago when the first settlers raised their houses, sank their wells, and built their barns.                  
          Then a strange blight crept over the area and everything began to change. Some evil spell had settled on the community: mysterious maladies swept the flocks of chickens; the cattle and sheep sickened and died. Everywhere was a shadow of death. The farmers spoke of much illness among their families. In the town the doctors had become more and more puzzled by new kinds of sickness appearing among their patients. There had been several sudden and unexplained deaths, not only among adults but even among children, who would be stricken suddenly while at play and die within a few hours.
           There was a strange stillness. The birds, for example—where had they gone? Many people spoke of them, puzzled and disturbed. The feeding stations in the backyards were deserted. The few birds seen anywhere were moribund; they trembled violently and could not fly. It was a spring without voices. On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens, and scores of other bird voices there was now no sound; only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh.
           On the farms the hens brooded, but no chicks hatched. The farmers complained that they were unable to raise any pigs—the litters were small and the young survived only a few days. The apple trees were coming into bloom but no bees droned among the blossoms, so there was no pollination and there would be no fruit.
           The roadsides, once so attractive, were now lined with browned and withered vegetation as though swept by fire. These, too, were silent, deserted by all living things. Even the streams were now lifeless. Anglers no longer visited them, for all the fish had died.
           In the gutters under the eaves and between the shingles of the roofs, a white granular powder still showed a few patches; some weeks before it had fallen like snow upon the roofs and the lawns, the fields and streams.
            No witchcraft, no enemy action had silenced the rebirth of new life in this stricken world. The people had done it themselves. .    .    .

            This town does not actually exist, but it might easily have a thousand counterparts in America or elsewhere in the world. I know of no community that has experienced all the misfortunes I describe. Yet every one of these disasters has actually happened somewhere, and many real communities have already suffered a substantial number of them. A grim specter has crept upon us almost unnoticed, and this imagined tragedy may easily become a stark reality we all shall know. What has already silenced the voices of spring in countless towns in America? This book is an attempt to explain.
夏微凉

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 楼主| 发表于 2013-1-5 14:02:23 | 显示全部楼层
作者:
    蕾切尔·卡逊1907年5月27日生于宾夕法尼亚州泉溪镇,并在那儿度过童年。她1935年至1952年间供职于美国联邦政府所属的鱼类及野生生物调查所,这使她有机会接触到许多环境问题。在此期间,她曾写过一些有关海洋生态的著作,如《在海风下》,《海的边缘》和《环绕着我们的海洋》。
    春天是鲜花盛开、百鸟齐鸣的季节,春天里不应是寂静无声,尤其是在春天的田野。可是并不是人人都会注意到,从某一个时候起,突然地,在春天里就不再听到燕子的呢喃、黄莺的啁啾,田野里变得寂静无声了。美国的雷切尔·卡逊(Rachel Carson,1907-1964)却不一样,她有这种特殊的敏感性。   
     生于宾夕法尼亚斯普林代尔的雷切尔·卡逊从小就对大自然、对野生动物有浓厚的兴趣。她的大部分时间都是一个人在树林和小溪边度过的,观赏飞鸟、昆虫和花朵。她总是想将来做一个作家,并在十一岁那年就发表了一篇短故事。她声称,是她母亲将她引进了自然界,才使她对它们富有激情。  
   卡逊最早是按做一位作家的初衷进了当地宾夕发尼亚妇女学院的,但不久便改变主意,把主要学习的内容——英语改为学习生物学。接着,在1932年获得约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的文科硕士学位,并一边教书、一边在马萨诸塞州的伍兹霍尔海洋生物实验室读研究生,最后于1936年进了“美国渔业局”,担任“水下罗曼斯”这个专题广播的撰稿作家;“渔业局”自1940起改名为“美国鱼类和野生生物署”后,她仍留在这里直至1952年。   
     描绘和表现大自然的强度、活力和能动性、适应性是卡逊的最大乐趣。上世纪四十年代开始,她根据自己对当时还不为多数人所了解的海底生活的观察开始写作,并取得相当的成绩。以她1937年发表在《大西洋月刊》上的一篇随笔为基础而写的《在海风的吹拂下》,于1941年出版后,因其一贯的科学准确性和深刻性与优美的抒情散文风格的奇妙结合而颇获好评,登上《纽约时报》的畅销书排行榜。1943、1944年又出版了《来自海里的食物:新英格兰的鱼类和水生有壳动物》和《来自海里的食物:南大西洋的鱼类和水生有壳动物》。1951年的《围绕我们的海洋》为她带来了很大的荣誉:不但连续数十周登《纽约时报》畅销书排行榜,还获得了“国家图书奖”,被翻译成三十种文字。   
     卡逊1952年离开“美国鱼类和野生生物署”是为了能够集中精力、把时间全都用到她所喜爱的写作上去。当然她获得的回报也是十分优厚的,她不仅写出了《海角》和她去世之后于1965年出版的《奇妙的感觉》,更主要的是她那为后来被称为“生态运动”发出起跑信号的《寂静的春天》。   
     1958年1月,卡逊接到她的一位朋友,原《波士顿邮报》的作家奥尔加·欧文斯·哈金斯寄自马萨诸塞州的一封信。奥尔加在信中写到,1957年夏,州政府租用的一架飞机为消灭蚊子喷洒了DDT归来,飞过她和她丈夫在达克斯伯里的两英亩私人禽鸟保护区上空。第二天,她的许多鸟儿都死了。她说,她为此感到十分震惊。于是,哈金斯女士给《波士顿先驱报》写了一封长信,又给卡逊写了这个便条,附上这信的复印件,请这位已经成名的作家朋友在首都华盛顿找找什么人能帮她的忙,不要再发生像这类喷洒的事了。   
     DDT是一种合成的有机杀虫剂,作为多种昆虫的接触性毒剂,有很高的毒效,尤其适用于扑灭传播疟疾的蚊子。第二次世界大战期间,仅仅在美国军队当中,疟疾病人就多达一百万,特效药金鸡纳供不应求,极大地影响了战争的进展。后来,有赖于DDT消灭了蚊子,才使疟疾的流行逐步得到有效的控制。DDT及其毒性的发现者、瑞士化学家保罗·赫尔满·米勒因而获1948年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。但是应用DDT这类杀虫剂,就像是与魔鬼做交易:它杀灭了蚊子和其他的害虫,也许还会使作物提高了收益,但同时也杀灭了益虫。更可怕的是,在接受过DDT喷撒后,许多种昆虫能迅速繁殖抗DDT的种群;还有,由于DDT会积累于昆虫的体内,这些昆虫成为其他动物的食物后,那些动物,尤其是鱼类、鸟类,则会中毒而被危害。所以喷洒DDT就只是获得近期的利益,却牺牲了长远的利益。   
     在“鱼类和野生生物署”工作时,卡逊就了解有关DDT对环境产生长期危害的研究情况。她的两位同事于四十年代中就曾经写过有关DDT的危害的文章。她自己在1945年也给《读者文摘》寄过一篇关于DDT的危险性的文章,在文章中,她提出是否可以在该刊上谈谈这方面的故事,但是遭到了拒绝。现在,哈金斯提到大幅度喷洒杀虫剂的事使她的心灵受到极大的震撼,只是奥尔加的要求,她觉得她无力办到,于是,她决定自己来做,也就是她自己后来说的,哈金斯的信“迫使我把注意力转到我多年所一直关注的这个问题上来”,决定要把这个问题写出来,让很多人都知道。   
     本来,卡逊只是计划用一年的时间来写本小册子。后来,随着资料阅读的增多,她感到问题比她想象的要复杂得多,是并非一本小册子所能够说得清楚和让人信服的。这样,从1957年开始“意识到必须要写一本书”,到尽可能搜集一切资料,阅读了数千篇研究报告和文章,到1962年完成以《寂静的春天》之名由霍顿·米夫林出版,卡逊共花去五六年时间。而在这五六年的时间里,卡逊的个人生活正经受着极大的痛苦。她和她母亲收养的外甥、五岁的罗杰因为得不到她的照顾,在1957年差点儿死了;此后,随着她母亲得病和去世,她又面对一位十分亲密的朋友的死亡。也正是在这个时候,她自己又被诊断患了乳房癌,进行乳房彻底切除的手术和放射治疗。她还因负担过重,身体十分虚弱、难以支撑,被阻止继续自己的工作。但是卡逊以极大的毅力实现了她的目标。
夏微凉

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 楼主| 发表于 2013-1-5 15:22:58 | 显示全部楼层
楼主,你在哪里,求审核,我的东西还要补充
夏微凉

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发表于 2013-1-14 21:35:39 | 显示全部楼层
楼主不是你自己么
家庭  4/0  金玉其外败絮其中 快乐的生活  0.01/0  没感觉的 找个人陪着  0/0  没必要祸害他人 感情  0/0  年轻就该冷漠,年轻就该残忍(更是对自己) 活的阳光一些  0/0  你笑一个不阴暗的给我看 身体  N/A  身体是用来虐的,此生难得 相信我的人  ?/A  呵呵,不要相信我,对彼此都好 还属于地球人的GSEANer除了我愿望都会实现的

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发表于 2013-1-14 21:39:34 | 显示全部楼层
还有
好像有过电子版
可以跟帖的
寂静的春天|http://forum.gsean.org/read-htm-tid-73281.html

【绿林漫读】《寂静的春天》推介及评论|http://forum.gsean.org/read-htm-tid-81746.html

[寂静的春天].(美).蕾切尔·卡逊.扫描版PDF|http://forum.gsean.org/read-htm-tid-81758.html

《寂静的春天》——蕾切尔·卡逊Rachel Carson|http://forum.gsean.org/read-htm-tid-84016.html
家庭  4/0  金玉其外败絮其中 快乐的生活  0.01/0  没感觉的 找个人陪着  0/0  没必要祸害他人 感情  0/0  年轻就该冷漠,年轻就该残忍(更是对自己) 活的阳光一些  0/0  你笑一个不阴暗的给我看 身体  N/A  身体是用来虐的,此生难得 相信我的人  ?/A  呵呵,不要相信我,对彼此都好 还属于地球人的GSEANer除了我愿望都会实现的
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